Author: Zuguang Gu ( z.gu@dkfz.de )
Date: 2018-10-30
library(EnrichedHeatmap)
load(system.file("extdata", "neg_cr.RData", package = "EnrichedHeatmap"))
all_genes = all_genes[unique(neg_cr$gene)]
all_tss = promoters(all_genes, upstream = 0, downstream = 1)
mat_neg_cr = normalizeToMatrix(neg_cr, all_tss, mapping_column = "gene", w = 50, mean_mode = "w0")
The object mat_neg_cr is a normalized matrix for regions showing significant
negative correlation between methylation and gene expression. The negative
correlated regions are normalized to upstream 5kb and downstream 5kb of gene
TSS with 50bp window by normalizeToMatrix() function. The value in the
matrix is whether a window is covered by negative correlated regions or not.
In the normalized matrix, each row corresponds to one gene and each column
corresponds to a window either on upstream of TSS or downstream of TSS. For
the example of mat_neg_cr matrix, the first ½ columns correspond to the
upstream of TSS and the last ½ columns correspond to downstream of TSS. Here
we compare three different methods to order rows (which correspond to genes)
in the normalized matrix.
Rows are ordered by the enriched scores. For each row in the matrix, denote values in a certain row as \(x\), indices 1, …, \(n_1\) are for upstream windows, indices \(n_1+1\), …, \(n\) are for downstream windows and \(n_2 = n - n_1\), the enriched score is calculated as the sum of \(x\) weighted by distance to TSS.
\[ \sum_{i=1}^{n_1}{x_i \cdot i/n_1} + \sum_{i=n_1+1}^n{x_i \cdot (n - i + 1)/n_2}\]
Rows are ordered by hierarchical clustering with Euclidean distance.
Rows are ordered by hierarchical clustering with closeness distance. For two rows in the normalized matrix, assume \(a_1, a_2, …, a_{n_1}\) are the indices of window for one gene which overlap with negative correlated regions and \(b_1, b_2, … b_{n_2}\) are the indices for the other gene which overlap with negative correlated regions, the distance which is based on closeness of the overlapped windows in the two genes is defined as:
\[ d_{closeness} = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n_1} \sum_{j=1}^{n_2} {|a_i - b_j|} }{n_1 \cdot n_2}\]
Euclidean distance between rows keeps unchanged when columns in the matrix are permutated, while for closeness distance, the column order is also taken into account, which might be more proper for clustering normalized matrices.
Following three plots show heatmaps under different row ordering methods.
EnrichedHeatmap(mat_neg_cr, name = "neg_cr", col = c("white", "darkgreen"),
top_annotation = HeatmapAnnotation(enrich = anno_enriched(gp = gpar(col = "darkgreen"))),
row_title = "by default enriched scores")
EnrichedHeatmap(mat_neg_cr, name = "neg_cr", col = c("white", "darkgreen"),
top_annotation = HeatmapAnnotation(enrich = anno_enriched(gp = gpar(col = "darkgreen"))),
cluster_rows = TRUE, row_title = "by hierarchcal clustering + Euclidean distance\ndendrogram reordered by enriched scores")
EnrichedHeatmap(mat_neg_cr, name = "neg_cr", col = c("white", "darkgreen"),
top_annotation = HeatmapAnnotation(enrich = anno_enriched(gp = gpar(col = "darkgreen"))),
cluster_rows = TRUE, clustering_distance_rows = dist_by_closeness,
row_title = "by hierarchcal clustering + closeness distance\ndendrogram reordered by enriched scores")
Generally, when the top annotation which summarises mean enrichment across genes is added to the heatmap as well, ordering genes by enriched scores is not recommended because it provides redundant information as the top enriched annotation, and on the other hand, it fails to reveal spatial clusters as other two methods. Hierarchal clustering with Euclidean distance is good at clustering enrichment patterns, but since it does not take column order into account, thus, it still can be possible that two spatially close clusters are far separated in the heatmap. By using closeness distance, it clearly sorts and clusters the enrichment patterns.
The row order, clustering method, distance method can all be self-adjusted by
row_order, cluster_rows, clustering_method_rows,
clustering_distance_rows, km and split arguments in EnrichedHeamtap()
function. For how to properly set values for these arguments, users can go to
the help page of EnrichedHeatmap() or Heatmap() function.